Human Learning and Cognition Early vision is a key visual system component and is structured such that how it operates isn't affected by cognitive processes like those that inference gleaned from general knowledge. Early vision is however not passive but is active as it supports various activities in an organism like motor action and cognition. While cognition has no effect on early vision's operations, there is a level of control it exerts on early vision that can sometimes lead to some perceptual experiences (Carpos, Linnell, Bremner, de Fockert & Davidoff, 2013).

One of the primary ways that the cognitive system is able to have influence on vision is provided by focal attention. This is done through selective direction of visual processes to specific facets of the perceptual universe. It is therefore clear that what serves as the attentional focus object is constrained (Dicey-Jennings, 2012).

One of the means through which perception can be influenced by the cognitive system is making a choice in what to or where to the visual process should be directed. It is obvious that what is seen is affected by the direction of our gaze. One way of sampling what is there to be seen is simply changing the direction of your...

There is much more to attention than there is to directing our gaze, though. For instance, attention can be shifted even without moving the eyes to "covertly" allocate attention (Capros et al., 2013). Further, the direction of attention could be to specific properties instead of scene locations.
Shams (Dicey-Jennings, 2012) did propose a model that allowed independent and common sources for two sensory signals. The model did account for auditory-visual interactions that ranged from fusion to partial integration and segregation in a task of numerous judgments. Since the allocation of focal attention can be done voluntarily given the aim of the perceiver, it avails one of the mechanisms that can be used by cognition to have an influence on perception. In cases of perceptual learning, it is often the case that what is attended to by the person in a scene is used to formulate the perceptions (Capros et al., 2013).

In a baseball game, it has been recently shown that model and multiple task inference accounts for the direction perception of motion in multiple tasks (Dicey-Jennings, 2012). A visual system assumes particular things as relates to object or surface subclasses in the interpretation of the cues presented.…